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Boris Souvarine also known as Varine ((ロシア語:Борис Константинович Лифшиц), 5 October 1895 – 1 November 1984) was a French Marxist, communist activist, essayist, and journalist. Souvarine was a founding member of the French Communist Party and is noted for being the only non-Russian communist to have been a member of the Comintern for three years in succession.〔() 'Historical Note', Preface to Boris Souvarine Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, Harvard University〕 He famously authored the first biography of Joseph Stalin, published in 1935 as ''Staline, Aperçu Historique du Bolchévisme'' (''Stalin, Historic Overview of Bolshevism'') and kept close correspondence with Lenin and Trotsky until their deaths.〔Boris Souvarine, Prologue to ''La Critique Sociale'', Reprinted 1984, March 1984, p. 15〕 Due to his anti-conformism and early criticism of Stalin, Souvarine broke away from the Communist Party in 1924, and in the decades that followed the war Souvarine continued publishing as a leading Sovietologist and anti-communist, founder of ''L'institut d'Histoire Sociale (Paris)'', as well as an author, historian, publisher and journalist.〔 ==Early Political Commitments== Souvarine was born Boris Konstantinovich Lifschits in Kiev to a Jewish family. Souvarine's family moved to Paris in 1897, where he became a socialist activist from a young age. He trained as a jewellery designer. And at the age of fourteen came into contact with the French Socialist movement while working as an apprentice in workshops. During this time he began attending meetings held by Jean Jaurès. Souvarine experienced his first trauma with the outbreak of the First World War. Mobilised as part of the French army in 1914, he quickly discovered the horrors of Trench warfare and in March 1915, lost his older brother who died fighting on the front-line. War pushed Souvarine into politics and the pacifist movement. He joined the Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière (SFIO) in 1916 and begins contributing to low-profile, under-current socialist magazines like ''Le Populaire'', signing articles with the pseudonyme he held onto for the rest of his life: Souvarine, patronyme borrowed from a character in Émile Zola's ''Germinal''.〔() Les vies de Boris Souvarine, critique-sociale.info, 14 October 2008.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Boris Souvarine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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